The Vaginal Side Effects of Anal Radiation

15 Oktober 2024

Kesan Sampingan Faraj Radiasi Dubur

by Tara Langdale in Peduli

Statistik mengatakan bahawa kanser dubur menjejaskan 1 dalam 10,000 orang. Bagaimanapun sejak beberapa dekad kebelakangan ini, kejadian telah meningkat. Wanita cenderung lebih kerap terkena kanser dubur berbanding lelaki, dan melainkan tumor hanya di peringkat awal, terapi standard yang disyorkan untuk kanser dubur ialah kemoradiasi primer. Kesan sampingan sinaran dubur boleh menjadi jangka pendek dan jangka panjang, dan malangnya bagi sesetengah wanita, terdapat juga kesan sampingan faraj daripada terapi sinaran dubur.

Kesan sampingan jangka pendek termasuk cirit-birit, perubahan kulit, kerengsaan dan kesakitan di kawasan dubur (radiation proctitis), sakit dan ketidakselesaan membuang najis, loya, keletihan dan bilangan sel darah rendah. Apabila rawatan dihentikan, gejala ini mungkin akan berkurangan. Kesan sampingan jangka panjang sinaran dubur termasuk pembentukan tisu parut (yang mengganggu fungsi sphincter), tulang pelvis dan pinggul yang lemah, dan keradangan rektum yang kronik.

Tidak perlu dikatakan bahawa semua gejala radiasi mungkin sukar untuk ditangani, tetapi bagi wanita, mungkin terdapat kesan sampingan radiasi dubur dalam faraj. Oleh kerana ini membawa satu set masalah baru untuk pesakit radiasi wanita, ia adalah topik utama dalam artikel ini…

Kesan sampingan faraj sinaran dubur

Sinaran dubur sekurang-kurangnya boleh merengsakan faraj, menyebabkan ketidakselesaan dan pelepasan dalam jangka pendek. Ketoksikan alat kelamin berkaitan sinaran boleh membawa kepada kesan sampingan jangka panjang atau lebih kronik. Walaupun gejala sedemikian mungkin membimbangkan, adalah penting untuk ambil perhatian bahawa jika anda menerima terapi sinaran dubur, keterukan gejala anda mungkin bergantung pada dos sinaran dan bilangan rawatan yang anda miliki.

Lebih penting lagi, sentiasa ada perkara yang boleh anda lakukan untuk mengurangkan gejala dan berusaha ke arah mendapatkan semula kesihatan jangka panjang dan keseimbangan badan.

Kerengsaan faraj

Sinaran dubur boleh merengsakan faraj dengan teruk (dan kadangkala kawasan alat kelamin luar). Jika tisu faraj anda meradang atau merengsa, anda mungkin mendapat sedikit kelegaan daripada mandi sitz. Pilihan lain yang bagus ialah pelembap faraj.

Jangkitan yis

Sesetengah pesakit sinaran dubur mendapati bahawa mereka lebih terdedah kepada jangkitan yis, di dalam faraj dan di mana sahaja terdapat kulit yang terpancar. Walaupun terdapat banyak rawatan bebas kaunter untuk jangkitan yis (seriawan), suppositori probiotik faraj adalah salah satu yang terbaik kerana ia boleh menambah mikrobiom faraj yang mesra dan bukannya memusnahkan bakteria yang bermasalah.

Fibrosis faraj

Fibrosis faraj ialah kesan sampingan biasa terapi sinaran pelvis atau faraj dos tinggi, yang menjejaskan sehingga 80% wanita yang menerimanya. Fibrosis faraj adalah nama untuk pertumbuhan perekatan daripada tisu berserabut dalam faraj, yang boleh membuat seks menyakitkan atau sukar. Disebabkan jarak dubur dengan faraj, fibrosis faraj juga boleh berlaku selepas terapi sinaran dubur . Fibrosis faraj juga boleh menyebabkan stenosis faraj (lihat di bawah).

Stenosis faraj

Satu lagi gejala sinaran dubur yang menjejaskan faraj ialah stenosis faraj , yang merupakan pemendekan dan penyempitan saluran kelahiran. Gejala stenosis faraj yang lain termasuk lapisan faraj yang kering, menipis dan rapuh, kehilangan otot, kehilangan keanjalan dan fleksibiliti, pelepasan dan aliran darah yang berkurangan ke tisu. Seperti kes fibrosis faraj, semua ini boleh menjadikan seks sebagai satu cabaran.

Salah satu rawatan yang paling berkesan untuk stenosis faraj (dan fibrosis) ialah dilator faraj . Apabila digunakan untuk meregangkan dinding faraj beberapa kali seminggu, keadaan faraj boleh bertambah baik dari semasa ke semasa dan hubungan seks boleh kembali normal.

Menopaus awal/kemandulan

Sinaran di mana-mana kawasan pelvis mungkin membawa kesan sampingan yang menyusahkan daripada menopaus awal, yang seterusnya membawa kepada ketidaksuburan. Jika medan sinaran telah sampai ke ovari, anda berisiko menopaus awal, yang bermaksud kitaran pembiakan anda akan berakhir. Menopaus juga bermakna atrofi faraj secara beransur-ansur bagi kebanyakan wanita. Syukurlah atrofi faraj adalah satu lagi keadaan ginekologi yang boleh dibantu dengan menggunakan alat dilator faraj.

Jika anda masih belum menjalani terapi sinaran dubur, anda mungkin ingin mempertimbangkan untuk membekukan telur anda - terutamanya jika anda fikir ada kemungkinan anda ingin mempunyai anak pada masa hadapan. Adalah idea yang baik untuk bercakap dengan doktor anda tentang kebimbangan kesuburan secepat mungkin, kerana ini boleh memberi anda lebih banyak pilihan berbanding jika anda meninggalkannya sehingga selepas rawatan anda.

Masalah seksual

Apabila sinaran dubur menyebabkan kesan sampingan faraj, anda mungkin mendapati bahawa anda mengalami tisu parut dalam faraj anda. Ini boleh membuat hubungan seksual dan pemeriksaan pelvis sukar atau sangat menyakitkan. Dilator faraj juga disyorkan untuk wanita dengan kanser bukan ginekologi (contohnya, kanser dubur) yang berlaku berdekatan dengan faraj.

Kami tahu bahawa kesan sampingan faraj sinaran dubur boleh menjadi sangat sukar untuk ditangani, jadi kami harap artikel ini membantu anda! Jangan lupa untuk menyemak blog VuvaCare kami untuk mendapatkan pendidikan dan nasihat tentang pelbagai isu kesihatan wanita. Jika anda memerlukan sebarang bantuan dengan memilih alat pengencang faraj yang sesuai untuk anda, sila hantar talian kepada kami dan kami dengan senang hati akan memberi nasihat.

Rujukan

Pelebaran faraj intrafraksi dalam pesakit kanser dubur yang menjalani radioterapi pelvis (DILANA)

Penilaian bukan invasif fibrosis faraj selepas radioterapi untuk keganasan ginekologi

Terapi Radiasi untuk Kanser Dubur (Persatuan Kanser Amerika)

Terapi dilator membantu meningkatkan kesihatan pelvis dan seksualiti wanita. Mereka digunakan untuk membantu pelbagai masalah kesihatan wanita. Bercakap dengan doktor anda hari ini tentang cara terapi dilator boleh membantu anda.

Adakah anda perlu memesan dilator faraj supaya anda boleh memulakan proses terapi lantai panggul anda? Buatan Amerika Syarikat. Lawati www.vuvatech.com

Pautan Berguna Syarikat VuVa Dilator:

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Beli Dilator Faraj VuVa

Tara Langdale Schmidt ialah pencipta Syarikat VuVa Dilator. Dia sendiri mengalami disfungsi lantai pelvik dan ingin mencipta set dilator yang dibuat di Amerika yang boleh dipercayai oleh wanita. VuVatech telah menjalankan perniagaan sejak 2014 dan telah membantu 50,000 wanita di seluruh dunia. Dia mempatenkan Neodymium Vaginal Dilator , yang terbukti secara klinikal dapat membantu aliran darah dan sakit saraf.

Podcast Episod 22: Tara Langdale-Schmidt

Apa yang ada pada Vagenda Anda? Tekan di sini

22 April 2026

Does a Tampon Break Your Hymen? Facts, Myths & What You Should Know

Tampons don’t “break” anything. The hymen can stretch a little, sure, but it’s meant to be flexible. For a lot of people, there’s already enough space anyway. And no, this has nothing to do with virginity—that’s just a social concept, not a physical one. Does Using a Tampon Break the Hymen? A lot of people wonder if using a tampon breaks the hymen. It’s one of those questions that comes up a bunch online, and there’s so much confusion around it. I mean, the first time someone tries a tampon, it can feel really nerve-wracking. Worries about hurting yourself, not knowing exactly where things are inside, and then all these stories about virginity getting messed up. It seems like a lot of that comes from old ideas that just aren’t true anymore. What Is the Hymen? The hymen is basically this thin tissue right at the start of the vagina. It’s there from birth, but everyone’s is different, you know. It doesn’t cover everything up like some kind of seal or anything. If it did, period blood couldn’t get out, and that would be a problem that needs a doctor. Actually, it’s more like a fringe or something that stretches. And it doesn’t really do much, biologically speaking. People think it’s a big deal for virginity, but that’s not right at all. It’s just part of how bodies vary. Different Hymen Shapes There are all sorts of shapes for hymens too. Like: ● Some are ring-shaped, which is pretty common ● Others have a little band across ● Some have tiny holes ● Some have a super small opening ● Some stretch easy, and others you hardly notice That’s why what happens with a tampon can be different for everyone. It feels kind of unfair how much it varies, but I guess bodies are just like that. Do Tampons Break the Hymen? Tampons don’t break the hymen, at least not in the way people imagine. ● Maybe it stretches a bit ● Or there’s a tiny tear you wouldn’t even see ● A lot of times, nothing changes It’s more elastic than breakable, sort of like a rubber band. Daily stuff can do the same thing way before you ever try one, like: ● Riding a bike ● Gymnastics ● Dancing around ● Playing sports All that stretches it out naturally over years. So the whole idea of it staying perfect until some one moment is off base. What It Feels Like When you put in a tampon, usually it’s no big deal. ● You might feel a little pressure the first go ● Or some discomfort ● Spotting happens sometimes, but not much ● Often you don’t feel anything Sharp pain or lots of blood, though—that sounds wrong. If that’s going on, better talk to a doctor or something. It could be tension or the wrong size. Can You Tell If a Hymen Is “Broken”? People ask what a broken hymen looks like, but there’s no real way to tell. It changes so much anyway. Even doctors can’t say for sure if someone’s used tampons or had sex just by looking. No before-and-after picture exists. And virginity—that’s not about the hymen at all. It’s more a cultural thing, not something physical you can measure. Using a tampon is just handling your period, nothing sexual. Why Inserting a Tampon Can Feel Difficult Sometimes inserting feels tough, and it’s not the hymen blocking it. It’s probably because of: ● Muscles tight from being nervous ● Aiming wrong (point toward your back a little, not straight in) ● The tampon being too big to start ● Lack of wetness Tips to Make It Easier To make it easier: ● Relax first ● Breathe slow, don’t rush ● Try sitting on the toilet ● Or lift one leg up ● Or lie down ● Start with a small one (slim size) ● A bit of lubricant (the water kind) might help if it’s dry That seems to work for a lot of folks. Does the Hymen Grow Back? The hymen doesn’t grow back once the hymen is stretched. It might heal a tiny bit, but not like new. There’s surgery for it if someone wants, but it’s cosmetic, not needed for health. I think that’s mostly for cultural reasons or something. Common Myths Myths are everywhere on this. Like: ● Tampons totally break it and you bleed a ton ● You have to bleed the first time ● Doctors can tell virginity from looking ● It’s about purity But no: ● It stretches, and lots of people don’t bleed ● Bleeding isn’t required ● Doctors can’t tell ● Tampons are hygiene, plain and simple When to See a Doctor If: ● Insertion hurts bad ● You can’t get even a small one in ● Heavy bleeding starts → See a doctor. Same if anxiety is taking over. A gyno can check it out, or maybe a specialist for pelvic stuff. Other Options There are other options besides tampons anyway: ● Pads ● Cups ● Period underwear ● Cloth ones you wash Whatever feels right for you is best. Final Note Bodies adapt, the hymen is flexible in its own way, and it’s not about worth or anything. Getting the facts straight helps cut the fear, I guess. Though some parts still feel a bit unclear. FAQs 1. Does a tampon always break the hymen? No. In many cases, it simply stretches or nothing happens. 2. Can I feel my hymen tear? Most people don’t feel anything noticeable. 3. Is bleeding normal with tampon use? Light spotting can happen, but many people don’t bleed at all. 4. Can a tampon take away virginity? No. Virginity is not defined by tampon use. 5. Why does it feel like there’s a barrier? This is usually due to muscle tension, not the hymen. 6. What if tampons hurt? Pain is not normal—try smaller sizes, better positioning, or consult a doctor. 7. Can hymen changes be seen visually? No clear or reliable visual difference exists. 8. Is it safe to use tampons for beginners? Yes, as long as you use the correct size and technique. Citations American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). Committee Opinion No. 780, 2019. World Health Organization (WHO). Eliminating Virginity Testing, 2018. Mishori R. et al. Reproductive Health, 2019. Adams J.A. et al. Pediatrics, 2004. Rogers D.J. & Stark M. BMJ, 1998. Hegazy A.A. & Al-Rukban M.O., 2012. Christianson M.S. & Barker B., 2016.

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22 April 2026

Does a Tampon Break Your Hymen? Facts, Myths & What You Should Know

If you’re stressing about whether a pap smear hurts, you’re not alone. For most people, it’s more uncomfortable than painful, like a bit of pressure or a quick pinch. That said, some do feel real pain, especially if there’s anxiety, dryness, or muscle tension involved. The good thing is, there are ways to make it easier, like asking for a smaller speculum, relaxing your body, or just being open with your doctor. It’s over in a few minutes, and honestly, it’s one of those small things that can make a big difference for your health. Does a Pap Smear Hurt What It Really Feels Like I remember hearing about pap smears and how scary they sound at first. The cold stirrups and that awkward position on the table, it all builds up this worry in your mind. Like, will it really hurt that much. I think for a lot of women, the night before the appointment is the worst part, just lying there thinking about it. What Is a Pap Smear A pap test is basically a way to check cells from the cervix for any weird changes that might turn into cancer later. It was named after some doctor, Papanicolaou I guess. The whole thing only takes a few minutes, less than five usually. Its like a checkup for your reproductive health, catching problems early so they dont get bad. What Happens During the Procedure What happens is you get on the table with your feet up in those stirrups. Then the doctor puts in this thing called a speculum, which opens up to see the cervix better. ● They use a little brush to swipe some cells, and that part is quick, maybe ten or fifteen seconds. ● After that, they take it out and youre done. Sounds simple, but I know it doesnt always feel that way. Does a Pap Smear Hurt From what Ive read and heard, about seventy percent of women just feel some pressure or mild discomfort during it. The other thirty percent might have more pain, like a cramp or something sharper. ● Some say its barely noticeable, almost like putting in a tampon. ● Others describe it as a deep pressure or a quick pinch. ● And for a few, its really painful, enough that they cant even finish the exam. Your experience counts no matter what, I suppose. Why Can It Hurt for Some People Why does it hurt for some people though. ● One big reason is if your pelvic floor muscles are tense from being nervous. Anxiety makes everything tighter, so inserting the speculum feels worse. ● Theres also this condition called vaginismus, where muscles contract without you meaning to, making it hard or painful. ● Vaginal dryness plays a role too, especially if youre menopausal or breastfeeding or on certain meds. Stress can cause that as well. ● And if you have past trauma, your body might react stronger to the fear. Medical stuff like endometriosis or infections can make it tougher. Even the doctors technique matters, if they rush it feels more uncomfortable. I think thats something people dont talk about enough, how the provider can make a difference. Virginity Myths and Facts About the virginity thing, people worry if it will take your virginity or tear something. But virginity isnt really a medical term, its more cultural. The hymen is flexible anyway, so its unlikely to tear from a pap smear. ● If youre worried, you can ask for a smaller speculum. ● Or tell them to go slow. ● Communicating your anxiety helps a lot. How to Prepare for a Pap Smear To prepare, try scheduling it mid cycle, like ten to twenty days after your period. ● Avoid tampons or sex for two days before. ● Maybe take ibuprofen if thats okay for you. ● At the appointment, just say youre nervous and ask them to go slow. ● Request extra lube or a warm instrument. Breathing deeply can relax your shoulders and thighs too. Focus on exhaling slowly, that might make it easier. What Does It Feel Like During the Exam During the exam: ● Insertion feels like pressure or fullness. ● When it opens, theres a stretching sensation. ● The cell collection is a quick pinch, like a scratch. ● Then removal brings some relief, though maybe slight discomfort after. You might spot a little or have mild cramps for a few hours, but thats normal. Special Situations ● For women after menopause, tissues are thinner and drier, so it can be harder. ● After childbirth, theres more sensitivity from hormones. ● If you have trauma history, you might need a doctor whos trained in that, like trauma informed care. The Emotional Side The emotional part is real too. Feeling vulnerable in that gown, or worries about body image, cultural stuff, or even the results. It all adds up. Some people see it as just routine, others dread it more. I feel like thats valid, no one should dismiss how it makes you feel. Ways to Make It Easier ● Pelvic floor therapy to relax muscles. ● Using vaginal dilators to get used to it gradually. ● Mindfulness, meditation, breathing exercises, visualization, those can help with the anxiety. Choosing the Right Doctor When picking a doctor: ● Look for someone who explains things and listens. ● If they adjust based on what you say, thats good. Red flags: ● If they rush. ● If they brush off your pain complaints. Poor communication makes it worse. Why Pap Smears Are Important Pap smears are worth it though, theyve cut cervical cancer deaths by over seventy percent. ● They catch issues five to ten years early. ● Early treatment works almost perfectly. So even if its uncomfortable, it saves lives. Final Thoughts You can take control by asking questions or stopping if needed. Request changes or switch providers. Your comfort does matter, along with your health. Preparation and talking openly seem key. For most, its just mild discomfort, but for some its more, and thats okay. The fear might be bigger than it turns out to be, or maybe not, it varies. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 1. Does the pap smear hurt for everyone? No. Around 70% feel mild discomfort, while 30% may feel pain. 2. Are pap smears more painful if you’re a virgin? Not necessarily. Anxiety often plays a bigger role than physical factors. 3. Will it tear my hymen? Very unlikely. 4. What does it feel like? Pressure + quick pinch or scratch. 5. Can I take pain relief before? Yes, ibuprofen may help. 6. Why does it hurt some women more? Muscle tension, anxiety, dryness, or medical conditions. 7. Can I ask for a smaller speculum? Yes, always. 8. Does anxiety increase pain? Yes, significantly. 9. Is spotting normal after? Yes, for 1–2 days. 10. Best time to schedule? Mid-cycle (days 10–20). 11. Can I stop the exam? Absolutely. 12. Do pap smears cause long-term pain? No. 13. What if I have vaginismus? Preparation like dilators and therapy helps. 14. Should I skip if it hurts? No, find ways to make it easier instead. 15. Do they hurt more after menopause? They can, due to dryness. Citations ● American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (2021) ● Saslow et al. (2012) ● Reiter et al. (2018) ● Melnikow et al. (2018) ● Binik (2010) ● ter Kuile et al. (2020) ● Weinberger et al. (2019) ● World Health Organization (2019) ● Singh et al. (2020) ● Hawkins Bressler et al. (2017) ● Reese et al. (2014) ● Bonham et al. (2019) ● Fontham et al. (2020) ● Laganà et al. (2018) ● Mitchell et al. (2017)

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22 April 2026

Does Your Cervix Dilate on Your Period? The Truth About Dilation & Cramps

Periods can make you feel like a lot is happening down there, and honestly, there is. Your cervix does open a little during your period, but it’s super tiny, nothing like childbirth. It just helps your body let the blood and tissue pass. You won’t really feel the opening itself, but cramps, pressure, or sudden flow changes are all part of that process. Once your period ends, everything goes back to normal again. That Late-Night Thought About Cervical Dilation Lying in bed with cramps hitting hard, scrolling on my phone, and then I see something about cervical dilation. It makes me stop and think, is that really going on right now during my period? The cervix opening up or something. Yeah, it does dilate a bit, but not like in labor at all. It’s just this small thing your body does every month to let everything out. Understanding the Cervix The cervix is that lower part connecting the uterus to the vagina, kind of like a gate that controls what goes through. It has this tiny opening, the os, and it changes a lot over the cycle. ● Position: It can be high or low ● Texture: From firm to soft ● Opening: Closed most of the time, but slightly open when needed During periods, all that shifts so the lining can shed. I think that’s the main point. Does the Cervix Dilate on Your Period? So, does it dilate on your period? Yes, it has to for the blood and tissue to come out. But the amount is small, like 1 to 3 mm. Compare that to labor, which is 10 cm, way bigger. You probably can’t even feel it directly. It’s controlled and tiny. What Causes Cervical Dilation? Hormones drive the whole thing. Progesterone drops when your period starts, then prostaglandins kick in. These: ● Cause contractions in the uterus ● Soften the cervix ● Open it just a little The lining starts breaking down, and the cervix lets it pass. Seems straightforward, but it can feel intense sometimes. How Much Does It Dilate? How much it dilates varies. For most people, it stays in that 1–3 mm range. But factors that affect it include: ● If you’ve had kids, it might open easier ● Hormone levels (more prostaglandins = stronger effects) ● Heavier flow may need a bit more opening ● Everyone’s body is different So it’s not exactly the same for everyone. Can You Feel It? You can’t really feel the dilation itself, but you can feel the effects: ● Cramps that come in waves ● Sudden rush of blood when you stand up ● Passing clots ● Pressure down there All of that comes from the uterus pushing through that small space. Why Do Cramps Hurt So Much? Cramps happen because the uterus is contracting to get the lining out, and the cervix is the bottleneck. Prostaglandins make contractions stronger, so more of them means worse cramps. I read something about that in a study by Maybin and Critchley (2021). It explains why some months are rougher. Cervical Changes During Your Period During your period, the cervix: ● Sits lower ● Feels softer (like lips instead of the tip of your nose) ● Is slightly open ● May feel more sensitive All of this is temporary and goes back to normal after. Period Products & Cervix Position Tampons: They sit in the vagina, not touching the cervix usually. But if your cervix is low, the wrong angle might press against it and cause discomfort. Just adjust the position. Menstrual Cups: These sit below the cervix too, but a low cervix means less space. Size matters here. Wrong placement can pull or press. Menstrual Discs: They go around the cervix, which might make them more comfortable if your cervix is low. Sex During Your Period Sex during your period can feel different because: ● The cervix is lower and easier to bump ● It may be more sensitive ● There’s extra lubrication from menstrual flow Some people are okay with it, others not so much. If there’s sharp pain, that’s not normal, get it checked. After Your Period Ends After your period: ● The cervix moves higher ● It firms up ● It closes The vaginal canal might feel different, maybe tighter or just not the same as during your period. When to Be Concerned Normal dilation is fine, but watch for these signs: ● Severe pain getting worse ● Extremely heavy bleeding ● Fever ● Unusual discharge ● Pain during urination or sex ● Periods lasting too long These could point to infections, fibroids, or other issues. ACOG (2023) suggests getting checked if you notice these. How to Ease Discomfort To help manage symptoms: ● Stay hydrated ● Use heat pads or warm baths ● Eat anti-inflammatory foods ● Reduce stress ● Use NSAIDs to lower prostaglandins if cramps are bad Final Thoughts It’s all part of the cycle, hormones and contractions working together to shed the lining. That little opening does its job without much notice. It makes the whole thing less scary when you understand it. Or at least, I think so. Some parts still confuse me though. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 1. Does your cervix dilate on your period? Yes, it dilates slightly (1–3 mm) to allow menstrual flow. 2. Can you feel cervical dilation? Not directly, but you may feel cramps or pressure. 3. Is period dilation the same as labor dilation? No, it’s much smaller and not comparable. 4. Why do cramps feel intense sometimes? Stronger contractions push blood through a small cervical opening. 5. Does everyone experience this? Yes, but intensity and symptoms vary. 6. Can a tampon go into the cervix? No, that’s physically impossible. 7. Why does my cervix feel lower during my period? Hormonal changes shift its position downward. 8. Does dilation cause heavy flow? Not directly, but it allows flow to pass. 9. Can menstrual cups affect the cervix? Not if used correctly, but positioning matters. 10. Is it normal to feel pressure during periods? Yes, it’s part of uterine and cervical activity. References ● American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). (2023). Clinical updates on cervical health and menstrual management. ● Johnson, K. M., & Davis, A. R. (2022). Menstrual cycle physiology and cervical changes. ● Maybin, J. A., & Critchley, H. O. (2021). Menstrual physiology and prostaglandins. ● Vigil, P., Blackwell, L. F., & Cortes, M. E. (2023). Cervical changes across the reproductive lifespan. ● Martinez, L., & Thompson, J. (2023). Menstrual clotting and cervical function. ● Reed, S. D., & Carr, B. R. (2023). Normal menstrual cycle and associated cervical changes. ● World Health Organization (WHO). (2023). Menstrual health guidance.

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Podcast Episod 22: Tara Langdale-Schmidt

Apa yang ada pada Vagenda Anda? Tekan di sini

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Apa yang ada pada Vagenda Anda? Tekan di sini

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Does a Tampon Break Your Hymen? Facts, Myths & What You Should Know

Does a Tampon Break Your Hymen? Facts, Myths & What You Should Know

Does Your Cervix Dilate on Your Period? The Truth About Dilation & Cramps

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